Introduction to Quantum Mechanics Essay

Introduction to Quantum Mechanics Essay Ph.D. Thesis: Abhijit Nath Introduction Introduction The wealth of information in atoms and molecules can be achieved from quantum mechanical studies of their structural as well as various physical and chemical properties. Based on quantum mechanics [1-7], large number of approximation methods has been developed over the years for the complete solutions of atomic and molecular systems. Now-a-days, the availability of the computer hardware and software has been increased enormously. In addition, a large number of suitable computational methodologies and algorithms have been developed over the years for solutions of realistic problems in different branches of physics/chemistry. Making the use of the power of the present generation computers as well as computational methodologies and algorithms, we can perform large scale research just by performing high level quantum mechanical computations as an alternate tool of experiment. These high level computations some time meet the requirement for realistic problems in different branches in phys ics, even in atomic and molecular physics. Many complex molecules like drugs are designed on computer in modern days. Such computational attempts are helpful to the experimentalists because with the help of the theoretical idea achieved form these computer simulations, they can perform the real synthesis of these complex molecules in laboratories without much difficulties. Sometimes, it may not be possible to synthesize certain molecular systems which are very much unstable or poisonous or explosive in nature. But then one can carry out theoretical calculations and computations to explore their structure and various properties without handling them in reality. Because of the availability of the faster and cheaper computer hardware, as well as a variety of suitable algorithms, theoretical investigations of various physical and chemical properties of these molecules are now become less expensive and easier. It is well known to scientific community that modern-day atomic and molecular spectroscopic studies require very expensive spectrometers and other sophisticated instruments for getting results with desired accuracy. But one can carry out theoretical and computation based spectroscopic studies of even complicated atomic and molecular systems with utmost accuracy without taking any help of such kind of sophisticated and expensive instruments. Moreover, the interpretation and understanding of every experimental finding needs the knowledge of theoretical background. It is, therefore, essential to carry out theoretical studies beside each and every experiment, wherever possible, to ensure the validity of the experimental findings. Classical mechanics [8] can explain accurately the dynamical features of the objects of relatively large mass and low velocities. But it is not sufficient to describe the interactions among subatomic particles of colliding galaxies. If the velocity of the object is comparable with that of light, one must use Einsteins relativistic mechanics in which the variation of mass with velocity has been taken into consideration. If the mass of the object is very small, the non relativistic quantum mechanics due to Heisenberg and Schrà ¶dinger is applicable. If the mass is very small but the velocity of the object is comparable with the velocity of light, one should use the relativistic quantum mechanics developed by Dirac [9]. Therefore, depending on the mass and velocity of the object, one should employ the appropriate mechanics for determining its dynamical features. The computations of large systems may, therefore, be carried out by using appropriate mechanics. Because of the advancement of the computer hardware and software technology, one can easily carry out these computations. Sometimes, huge computations may have to be performed in this connection. One has to solve 2nd order differential equations with several million variables. However, suitable techniques are available to reduce the size of the secular equations drastically at the cost of some accuracy and hence large-scale computations can be performed successfully. The electronic structure and spectroscopic properties of atoms, molecules and solids can be determined from quantum mechanical solutions [10-14] of the systems. Atoms and molecules in the electronic structure theory are in stationary states. The time dependence of the wave function can thus be separated so that one needs to work only with time-independent solutions. Born-Oppenheimer approximation, which allows the nuclei to be in fixed co-ordinates during the motion of electrons, is usually employed for the calculation of the electronic structure of molecules. It is, therefore, possible to carry out calculations on specific molecules of physical and chemical interest with the aim of getting structural aspects and spectroscopic properties which otherwise may not be obtain from the experimental work. In many cases, the experimental data may be interpreted from the computational results. The velocity of the interacting particles in lighter atoms and molecules is considered to be negligible compared to the velocity of light. So, one may not include the relativistic effects as they are negligibly small. But for the calculations of the heavier atoms and molecules, the relativistic corrections are needed and hence one must use the relativistic quantum chemistry [15-17]. It requires a modification of the non relativistic Hamiltonian with various relativistic correction terms such as mass-velocity correction, spin-orbit correction, Drawin correction, Breit interaction etc. Actually, after the discovery of the theory of special relativity, relativistic effects on the electronic spectra of atoms and molecules become very much important. The relativistic effects are prominent on the electronic spectra of those molecules / their ions for which the nuclear charges of the constituent atoms are large i.e. when atoms with high Z are present. So, in order to obtain accurate spectro scopic features of heavy or moderately heavy molecules / their ions, one must take the various relativistic effects into account in an efficient way. A number of algorithms have been developed in recent years in these connections along with enormous enhancement in computing power. Therefore, the challenge is to exploit these developments to perform the high level computation based theoretical researches work which becomes an alternative to the experimental physical chemical researches. References [1] L. Pauling, E.M. Wilson, Introduction to Quantum Mechanics, McGraw-Hill, 1935. [2] H. Eyring, J. Walter, G. E. Kimball, Quantum Chemistry, Wiley, New York, 1944. [3] J. P. Lowe, Quantum Chemistry , Academic Press, New York, 1978. [4] D. A. Mcquarrie, Quantum Chemistry, University Science, Mill Valley Calif, 1983. [5] P. W. Atkins, Molecular Quantum Mechanics, Oxford University Press, New York, 1983. [6] F. L. Pillar, Elementary Quantum Chemistry, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1990. [7] I. N. Levine, Quantum Chemistry, Printice-Hall, N. J. , 1991. [8] H. Goldstein, Classical Mechanics, Addition-Wesley, Reading, Mass, 1950. [9] P. A. M. Dirac, The Principles of Quantum Mechanics, Oxford University Press, Fourth Edition, Oxford, 1958. [10] R. G. Parr, Quantum Theory of Moleculer Electronic Structure, Benjamin, New York, 1963. [11] J. A. Pople, D. L. Beveridge, Approximate Molecular Orbital Theory, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1970. [12] J. N. Murrell, A. J. Harget, Semiempirical Self-Consistent-Field Molecular Orbital Theories of Molecules, Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1971. [13] R. S. Mulliken, W. C. Ermler, Diatomic Molecules, Academic Press, New York, 1977. [14] R. S. Mulliken, W. C. Ermler, Polyatomic Molecules, Academic Press, New York, 1981. [15] P. PyykkÓ §, Relativistic Theory of Atoms and Molecules, Springer-Verlag, Berlin and New York, 1986. [16] K. Balasubramanian, Relativistic Effects in Chemistry Part A. Theory and Techniques, Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1997. [17] K. Balasubramanian, Relativistic Effects in Chemistry Part B. Applications to molecules and Clusters, Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1997.

Secret of Magnetism Essay -- essays research papers

Research, p.1 Do you want to know a secret? First, consider this: When a magician performs a magic trick, many ask, â€Å"How did he do that?† Well†¦the true magician never tells because it is a secret. But when speaking about magnetism and its use in our everyday lives, you can learn the SECRET—the secret of magnetism! A true scientist would be glad to share his secrets through experimentation. Thus, I will share the secret with you. It begins with science—physics, to be exact: matter and energy, conduction and induction, magnetizing and demagnetizing. All will be explained in my science project. More importantly, to discover through experimentation that the secret behind magnetism could be its power! Let’s start by defining an electromagnet.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An electromagnet is a temporary magnet formed when electric current flows through a wire or a conductor. Most electromagnets consist of wire wound around an iron core. This core is made from soft iron that loses its magnetism quickly when the electric current stops flowing through the wire.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Electromagnetism is the branch of physics that studies the relationship between electricity and magnetism. Electromagnetism is based on the fact that (1) an electric current or a charging electric field produces a magnetic field or (2) a charging magnetic field produces an electric field.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1820, the Danish scientist Hans Oersted discovered that a conductor carrying an electric current is surrounded by a magnetic field. When he brought a magnetized needle near a wire in which an electric current was flowing, the needle moved. Because a magnetized needle is moved by magnetic forces, the experiment proved that an electric current produces magnetism.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Research, p.2 Also, during the 1820’s, the French physicist Andre’ Marie Ampere declared that electric currents produce all magnetism. He concluded that a permanent bar magnet has tiny currents flowing in it. The work Oersted and Ampere did led to the development of the electromagnet—which is used in such devices as the telegraph and the electric bell. They confirmed as stated earlier: Most electromagnets consist of a coil of wire wound around an iron core. The electromagnet becomes temporarily magnetized when electric current flows th... ...you have any magnets around you? What shape are they? Magnets come in all shapes and sizes, but they all pull and push with an invisible force. Further, all magnets pull or attract some things but not others. For example, all magnets attract the metal iron. So, if you use a magnet to pick up safety pins or paper clips, it will only attract them if they contain iron.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  You probably were aware that electricity can provide light, heat and sound. However, you probably did not know that electricity can also turn something into a magnet! Again, a magnet is anything that attracts or attaches to iron or steel. You have seen small magnets hold pictures and papers on refrigerator doors. There are a number of items in your home that need electromagnets to work, as I demonstrated with my doorbell experiment. To conclude, as you’ve witnessed, magnets have the ability to expel a force on other magnets or pieces of magnetic material some distance away. The reason that they can do this is because magnets are weaker the farther they are away from another magnet. Now that you know how a magnet works, can you make one? I’ll give you a hint: the North pole and South pole.

Trends In Epidemiology Of Hiv Health And Social Care Essay

Zimbabwe has the 3rd largest HIV load in Southern Africa with an estimated 1 million grownups aged 15 and above and 150,000 kids under 15 life with HIV ( 1 ) . Harare, the state in which the capital is located, accounting for largest proportion of people populating with HIV in the state ( merely under 20 % ) and Bulawayo, the state ‘s 2nd largest metropolis accounting for the smallest proportion ( merely over 5 % ) . Zimbabwe has a generalized HIV epidemic, with exceptionally high degree of HIV prevalence in the yesteryear and significantly lower degrees at nowadays. It is estimated that between 1998 and 2010, grownup HIV prevalence has halved from 27.2 % to 14.3 % . ( 2 ) The epidemic in Zimbabwe has contracted faster than any other HIV epidemic in Eastern and Southern Africa as Figure 1 ( 1 ) below illustrates:Figure 1: HIV prevalence curves from East and Southern AfricaThe contraction in HIV prevalence is attributed to really high mortality every bit good as important alterations in sexual behavior ( 1 ) . During the economic system crisis Zimbabwe faced, the wellness system collapsed to widen that most HIV septic persons died due deficiency of antiretroviral drugs and installations for intervention of timeserving infections. In footings of behavior alteration informations from the Population Services International ( PSI ) studies conducted in 2001, 2003, 2005, 2006, and 2007 support this deci sion, particularly with respect to spouse decrease. For work forces 15-29, the proportion describing non-regular spouses fell from 32 % in 2001 to 21 % in 2003, and remained near that degree through subsequently PSI studies. For adult females 15-29, the estimations were for a decrease from 17 % to 8 % in the same period. Zimbabwe is geographically distributed into 10 states. In contrast to other states in the part, the Zimbabwean HIV epidemic is geographically rather homogeneous with similar HIV prevalence degrees across states ( Figure 2 ) . Geographic homogeneousness besides applies when HIV prevalence in rural and urban zones is compared: Rural and urban occupants have similar odds of being HIV infected ( 17.6 % in rural vs. 18.9 % in urban countries ) . There may nevertheless be important heterogeneousness in HIV prevalence at a local degree, as noted in really different degrees of HIV prevalence among Antenatal Clinic clients, with peculiarly high HIV prevalence degrees among those occupant in relocation farms, growing points, main road and boundary line towns ( 3 ) . Figure 2: Adult HIV prevalence by state in Zimbabwe Source: Zimbabwe Demographic Health Survey 2005/6. In Zimbabwe grownup HIV prevalence harmonizing to sex is significantly higher among adult females aged 15-49 ( 21 % ) than among work forces in the same age cohort ( 14.5 % ) ( 4 ) . This gender spread is even wider among immature people. Females aged 15-19 old ages have significantly higher HIV prevalence rates than work forces among the same age group ( Figure 3 ) .The differential between female and male prevalence is big besides in the age groups 20-24, 25-29 and 30-34 old ages reflecting both historical transmittal forms and important degrees of age disparate sexual relationships. The peak age for HIV infection in adult females is 30-34 old ages while for work forces it is the 40-44 old ages age group.Figure 3: HIV prevalence by age and sex in ZimbabweBeginning: 2005/6 ZDHS, Table 14.3 In 2007, an estimated 63,247 grownups acquired HIV. However, in 2009 it is estimated that this figure rose to 66,156 ( about 182 new HIV infections daily ) ( 5 ) . HIV incidence is estimated at 0.85 % in 2009. Projections into the hereafter, based on current HIV prevalence, population growing and antiretroviral therapy use indicate that the figure of freshly infected grownups will go on to turn. Heterosexual sex within unions/regular partnerships histories for the majority of beginnings of new grownup HIV infection in Zimbabwe. Other beginnings of new infections include insouciant heterosexual sex and sex work The UNAIDS Modes of Transmission ( MoT ) theoretical account was used to pattern beginnings of new infections, and overall incidence. The MoT modeling exercising confirmed that heterosexual contact remains the chief manner of transmittal in all countries of Zimbabwe, but this was represented by several different state of affairss including both insouciant and long term partnerships and miscellaneous grades of transactional sexual relationships. Nationally, the theoretical account estimates that the bulk of new infections occur among people in the general community who are non prosecuting in high hazard sexual activities. Persons in this hazard class are in discordant, monogamous relationships of at least a twelvemonth ‘s continuance but frequently longer ( 6 ) . Mother to child transmittal ( MTCT ) continues to stay a important beginning of new infections among babies. Approximately 1 in 3 babies born to HIV septic female parents are infected. HIV infection from an HIV-positive female parent to her kid during gestation, labor, bringing or breastfeeding is called mother-to-child transmittal ( MTCT ) . The per centum of babies born to HIV septic female parents who are HIV infected has remained high averaging 28.5 % between 2006 and 2009. An estimated 15,000 kids were freshly infected with HIV in 2009 ( 5 ) , the huge bulk of them through MTCT.Describe how HIV/AIDS Surveillance informations are collected and sketch the advantages and restrictions of these informations aggregation attacks.The aggregation of informations for HIV prevalence informations is really important for national HIV & A ; AIDS programmes particularly in footings of policy devising. There are several methods used but I will depict Antenatal Clinic Surveillance and Population Based Surveys sketching the advantages and restrictions of each.Antenatal Clinic SurveillanceThe chief intent of surveillance based on adult females go toing prenatal clinics is to measure tendencies in HIV prevalence over clip. However, because other informations beginnings are missing, prenatal clinic surveillance has besides been used to gauge the population degrees of HIV. This is normally based on anon. , unlinked, cross-sectional studies of pregnant adult females go toing prenatal clinics in the public wellness sector. Merely first-time attendants are included to minimise the opportunity of any adult female being included more than one time. Blood is taken routinely from pregnant adult females for diagnostic intents which include poxs, Macaca mulatta and blood grouping. After personal identifiers are removed the blood is tested for HIV. Antenatal clinic studies are normally done yearly at the same clip of the twelvemonth to obtain an estimation of the point prevalence for tha t twelvemonth. The national HIV prevalence of a state is frequently 80 % of the prevalence rate in pregnant adult females go toing prenatal clinics ( 7 ) . Advantages of Antenatal Clinic Surveillance Prenatal clinics provide ready and easy entree to a cross-section of sexually active adult females from the general population who are non utilizing contraceptive method. In generalised epidemics, HIV proving among pregnant adult females is considered a good placeholder for prevalence in the general population ( 7 ) Data for pregnant adult females will reflect the prevalence in groups that may be of higher hazard of infection because of their life agreements ( such as workers who live in inns or ground forces barracks ) if they have regular unprotected sexual contact with adult females in the general population. The restrictions of prenatal surveillance are recognized and acknowledged, and where possible, rectification factors have been developed to get the better of some of the restrictions. In states with low degrees of HIV prevalence, strategically placed lookout sites can supply an early warning for the start of an epidemic. ( 8 ) In recent old ages, many states have expanded the geographical coverage ( the figure and sample sizes of sites ) of lookout surveillance, particularly in rural countries, to better the representativeness of the samples. Restrictions of Antenatal Clinic Surveillance Most sentinel surveillance systems have limited geographical coverage, particularly in smaller and more distant rural countries. Womans go toing prenatal clinics may non be representative of all pregnant adult females because many adult females may non go to prenatal clinics or may go to private clinics. The rate of preventive usage in a state may impact the figure of pregnant adult females. The execution of prenatal clinic-based surveillance varies well between states ( 9 ) . The quality of the studies may change over clip depending on available resources. Antenatal clinic surveillance does non supply information about HIV prevalence in work forces. Because these studies are conducted among pregnant adult females, estimations for work forces are based on premises about the ratio of male-to-female prevalence that are derived from community-based surveies in the part. However, this ratio varies between states and over clip.Population-Based SurveiesThe restrictions of prenatal surveillance systems with regard to geographical coverage, under-representation of rural countries and the absence of informations for work forces have led to an involvement in including HIV proving in national population-based studies. Population-based studies can supply sensible estimations of HIV prevalence for generalised epidemics, where HIV has spread throughout the general population in a state. However, for low-level and concentrated epidemics, these studies will undervalue HIV prevalence, because HIV is concentrated in groups with bad behavior and these gro ups are normally non adequately sampled in household-based studies. Some early studies were designed for unlinked anon. testing, in which the HIV trial consequences could non be linked to persons, whereas more recent studies have incorporated linked anon. testing, in which HIV trial consequences can be linked to behavioral informations without uncovering the individuality of any person who has been tested. Advantages of Population Based Surveies: – In generalised epidemics, population-based studies can supply representative estimations of HIV prevalence for the general population every bit good as for different subgroups, such as urban and rural countries, adult females and work forces, age groups and part or state ( 8 ) . The consequences from population-based studies can be used to set the estimations obtained from sentinel surveillance systems. Population-based studies provide an chance to associate HIV position with societal, behavioral and other biomedical information, therefore enabling research workers to analyze the kineticss of the epidemic in more item. Information from this analysis could take to better plan design and planning. Restrictions of Population Based Surveys. In population-based studies, trying from families may non adequately represent high-risk and nomadic populations. In low-level or concentrated epidemics, population-based studies hence underestimate HIV prevalence. Nonresponse ( either through refusal to take part or absence from the family at the clip of the study ) can bias population-based estimations of HIV. ( Roll uping information on nonresponders can assist in the procedure of seting for nonresponse. ) Population-based studies are expensive and logistically hard to transport out and can non be conducted often. Typically, these studies are conducted every 5-10 old ages ( 8 ) .Outline the major factors doing spread of HIV/AIDS in the community where you live or work.The followers are some the factors which have been attributed to distribute of HIV in Zimbabwe Multiple Concurrent Partners ( MCP ) is by and large defined as a sexual behavior characterised by holding more than one sexual spouse in the same clip period. Zimbabwean work forces are more likely to hold multiple spouses than adult females. Harmonizing to the Zimbabwe Demographic Health Surveys 2005-6 ( ZDHS -2005-6 ) , 1 in 10 adult females and 1 in 3 work forces aged 15-49 old ages who had sex in the 12 months predating the study had sex with two or more spouses. Low and inconsistent degrees of rubber usage, particularly among married twosomes. There is by and large a low degree of rubber usage in Zimbabwe, although the more insouciant the sexual brush, the more likely that a rubber is used due to increased hazard perceptual experience. Harmonizing to the ZDHS ( 2005-6 ) , rubber usage is last amongst married twosomes and those with long-run spouses with merely 3.6 % of married adult females and 7.7 % of work forces describing utilizing rubbers the last clip they had sex with a partner or cohabiting spouse. Harmonizing to a survey by SAFAIDS about 52 % of all new infections which occurred in 2009 occurred among married people which makes the matrimony a hazard brotherhood. Low Levels of Male Circumcision: Male Circumcision is one of the best ways that has been seen to forestall HIV transmittal by about 60 % harmonizing to three surveies carried out in the different states in Africa: – Rakai, Uganda ( 10 ) ; Kisumu, Kenya ( 11 ) and Orange Farm, South Africa ( 12 ) . Male Circumcision has been seen to work through the undermentioned mechanisms: – Decrease of surface country by taking the prepuce which has seen to advance entry of HIV virus. Hardening of open glans penis therefore cut downing scratchs and hazard of HIV incursion. The removed prepuce agencies, HIV can no longer be trapped underneath therefore minimising transmittal. However male Circumcision in Zimbabwe remains low with 10.5 % of work forces aged 15-54 coverage being circumcised in the 2005/6 DHS. Such a low degree is improbable to impact overall HIV transmittal to any of import grade. In Zimbabwe, harmonizing to mathematical modeling ( Figure 4 ) , the figure of new HIV infections will drop significantly if male Circumcision services are expanded. The modeling is assuring and what needs to be done is to supply more consciousness and still negative attitudes.Figure 4: – Zimbabwe Projected New Infections Cases with Male CircumcisionAdapted from a presentation by Karin Hartzold, PSI, Zimbabwe, 2010 Age disparate sexual relationships: Surveies indicate that relationships between immature adult females and older work forces are common and tolerated in Zimbabwe as in many parts of sub-Saharan Africa and are associated with insecure sexual behavior and increased HIV hazard as informations from the 2005-6 ZDHS indicates. In such relationships rubbers use tends to be selectively and strategically and such use additions HIV hazard. High degrees of Sexually Transmitted Infections: Sexual transmitted Infections increase the hazard of HIV infection. This hazard is much higher with ulcerating infections like pox and herpes simplex. The prevalence of sexually transmitted infections in Zimbabwe is really high and this has been lending a high prevalence rate. In Zimbabwe the 2009 ANC Sentinel Surveillance Report showed that adult females with current or past venereal ulcer disease ( GUD ) had about three times the HIV prevalence of adult females without a history of GUD. Among immature ANCs aged 15-24, those with GUD had a HIV prevalence of 31 % . This is corroborated by ZDHS 2005-6 that found that work forces and adult females who reported a recent STI were significantly more likely to be HIV positive, harmonizing to the 2005/6 DHS. 40 % of adult females who reported holding had an STI or STI symptoms in the old 12 months were HIV-infected, compared to 24 % who did non describe an STI or STI symptom. For work forces, the corresponding HIV prevalence figures were 32 % and 18 % . Other factors: – though the above factors are the taking 1s in footings of distributing HIV & A ; AIDS in Zimbabwe other factors like poorness, migratory labour systems with household breaks, commercial sex workers, low position of adult females due to gender favoritism and male laterality still play a important proportion in footings of advancing HIV transmittal.

Can The Path Of Evil Alter One s Life - 1085 Words

Can The Path of Evil Alter One’s Life The two short stories â€Å"A Goodman Is Hard to Find† by Flannery O’Connor and â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?† by Joyce Carol Oates both have characters that have their lives altered by evil. The shortcut taken by the family in â€Å"A Goodman Is Hard to Find†, while Connie leaving with Arnold Friend in â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been† by Joyce Carol Oates. Although The Misfit, the Grandmother, Connie and Arnold Friend have different attitudes and take different approaches to evil all character’s end up affected by evil. Shown both stories is evil, which alters each character’s life. The symbolism in both stories represents their lack of faith and death. The Misfit is a murderer who just†¦show more content†¦The grandmother being a manipulative woman doesn’t value her life as it is, but longs for how it was in the past. â€Å"People are certainly not nice like they used to be† (29 8). The grandmother decides it would be better to go on a trip to Tennessee. After reading the newspaper and finding out The Misfit escaped from Federal Penn and is heading to Florida. She tries to persuade the family to change their plans, but they decide to go to Florida anyways. The grandmother desperately wants the children to see an old plantation that she visited as a child in Toombsboro. Unfortunately, while looking for the plantation, the family ends up in the path of The Misfit. In Joyce Carol Oates â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?† Connie goes to the drive in restaurant with her friends, where she comes across Arnold Friend. As Connie walks by Arnold Friend he says â€Å"Gonna get you baby† (371). This quote is a warning to Connie that he will come get her and hurt her. Connie stays home Sunday while her father; mother and sister go to a barbecue that afternoon. While she’s left alone Arnold and his friend Ellie come over to try and conv ince Connie to go on a drive with them. Both of these stories have paths that eventually lead to these characters to face evil. In each story the main characters go down a path that brings evil to their lives. While trying to find the plantation in â€Å"A Goodman Is Hard to Find†, the